Building Projects¶

Building large projects with Emscripten is very easy. Emscripten provides two simple scripts that configure your makefiles to use emcc as a drop-in replacement for gcc — in most cases the rest of your project’s current build system remains unchanged.

Integrating with a build system¶

To build using Emscripten you need to replace gcc with emcc in your makefiles. This is done using emconfigure, which sets the appropriate environment variables like CXX (C++ compiler) and CC (the compiler).

Consider the case where you normally build with the following commands:

./configure
make

To build with Emscripten, you would instead use the following commands:

# Run emconfigure with the normal configure command as an argument.
./emconfigure ./configure

# Run emmake with the normal make to generate linked LLVM bitcode.
./emmake make

# Compile the linked bitcode generated by make (project.bc) to JavaScript.
#  'project.bc' should be replaced with the make output for your project (e.g. 'yourproject.so')
#  [-Ox] represents build optimisations (discussed in the next section).
./emcc [-Ox] project.bc -o project.js

emconfigure is called with the normal configure as an argument (in configure-based build systems), and emmake with make as an argument. If your build system uses CMake, replace ./configure with cmake . etc. in the above example. If your build system doesn’t use configure or CMake, then you can omit the first step and just run make (although then you may need to edit the Makefile manually).

Tip

We recommend you call both emconfigure and emmake scripts in configure- and CMake-based build systems. Whether you actually need to call both tools depends on the build system (some systems will store the environment variables in the configure step, and others will not).

Make generates linked LLVM bitcode. It does not automatically generate JavaScript during linking because all the files must be compiled using the same optimizations and compiler options — and it makes sense to do this in the final conversion from bitcode to JavaScript.

Note

The file output from make might have a different suffix: .a for a static library archive, .so for a shared library, .o or .bc for object files (these file extensions are the same as gcc would use for the different types). Irrespective of the file extension, these files contain linked LLVM bitcode that emcc can compile into JavaScript in the final step. If the suffix is something else - like no suffix at all, or something like .so.1 - then you may need to rename the file before sending it to emcc.

Note

Some build systems may not properly emit bitcode using the above procedure, and you may see is not valid bitcode warnings. You can run file to check if a file contains bitcode (also you can manually check if the contents start with BC). It is also worth running emmake make VERBOSE=1 which will print out the commands it runs - you should see emcc being used, and not the native system compiler. If emcc is not used, you may need to modify the configure or cmake scripts.

Emscripten build output files¶

Emscripten compiler output often consists of several files and not just one. The set of produced files changes depending on the final linker flags passed to emcc/em++. Here is a cheat sheet of which files are produced under which conditions:

emcc … -o output.html builds a output.html file as an output, as well as an accompanying output.js launcher file, and a output.wasm WebAssembly file.

emcc … -o output.js omits generating a HTML launcher file (expecting you to provide it yourself if you plan to run in browser), and produces two files, output.js and output.wasm. (that can be run in e.g. node.js shell)

emcc … -o output.bc does not produce a final asm.js/wasm build, but stops at LLVM bitcode generation stage, and produces a single LLVM bitcode file output.bc. Likewise only one bitcode file is produced if output suffix is .ll, .o, ‘.obj’, ‘.lo’, .lib, .dylib or .so.

emcc … -o output.a generates a single archive file output.a.

emcc … -o output.{html,js} -s WASM=0 causes the compiler to target asm.js, and therefore a .wasm file is not produced.

emcc … -o output.{html,js} -s WASM=0 –separate-asm likewise targets asm.js, but splits up the generated code to two files, output.js and output.asm.js.

emcc … -o output.html -s WASM=0 -s PRECISE_F32=2 (combination of targeting .html, asm.js and PRECISE_F32=2) implies as if –separate-asm was passed, so also produces output.asm.js.

emcc … -o output.{html,js} –emit-symbol-map produces a file output.{html,js}.symbols if WebAssembly is being targeted (-s WASM=0 not specified), or if asm.js is being targeted and -Os, -Oz or -O2 or higher is specified, but debug level setting is -g1 or lower (i.e. if symbols minification did occur).

emcc … -o output.{html,js} -s WASM=0 –memory-init-file 1 causes the generation of output.{html,js}.mem memory initializer file. Pasing -O2, -Os or -Oz also implies –memory-init-file 1.

emcc … -o output.{html,js} -g4 generates a source map file output.wasm.map. If targeting asm.js with -s WASM=0, the filename is output.{html,js}.map.

emcc … -o output.{html,js} –preload-file xxx directive generates a preloaded MEMFS filesystem file output.data.

emcc … -o output.{html,js} -s WASM={0,1} -s SINGLE_FILE=1 merges JavaScript and WebAssembly code in the single output file output.{html,js} (in base64) to produce only one file for deployment. (If paired with –preload-file, the preloaded .data file still exists as a separate file)

This list is not exhaustive, but illustrates most commonly used combinations.

Building projects with optimizations¶

Emscripten performs compiler optimization at two levels: each source file is optimized by LLVM as it is compiled into an object file, and then JavaScript/WebAssembly-specific optimizations are applied when converting object files into the final JavaScript/WebAssembly.

In order to properly optimize code, it is usually best to use the same optimization flags and other compiler options when compiling source to object code, and object code to JavaScript (or HTML).

Consider the examples below:

# Sub-optimal - JavaScript/WebAssembly optimizations are omitted
./emcc -O2 a.cpp -o a.bc
./emcc -O2 b.cpp -o b.bc
./emcc a.bc b.bc -o project.js

# Sub-optimal - LLVM optimizations omitted
./emcc a.cpp -o a.bc
./emcc b.cpp -o b.bc
./emcc -O2 a.bc b.bc -o project.js

# Usually the right thing: The SAME LLVM and JavaScript options are provided at both levels.
./emcc -O2 a.cpp -o a.bc
./emcc -O2 b.cpp -o b.bc
./emcc -O2 a.bc b.bc -o project.js

However, sometimes you may want slightly different optimizations on certain files:

# Optimize the first file for size, and the rest using `-O2`.
./emcc -Oz a.cpp -o a.bc
./emcc -O2 b.cpp -o b.bc
./emcc -O2 a.bc b.bc -o project.js

Note

Unfortunately each build-system defines its own mechanisms for setting compiler and optimization methods. You will need to work out the correct approach to set the LLVM optimization flags for your system.

Some build systems have a flag like ./configure --enable-optimize.
You can control whether LLVM optimizations are run using --llvm-opts N where N is an integer in the range 0-3. Sending -O2 --llvm-opts 0 to emcc during all compilation stages will disable LLVM optimizations but utilize JavaScript optimizations. This can be useful when debugging a build failure.

JavaScript/WebAssembly optimizations are specified in the final step (sometimes called “link”, as that step typically also links together a bunch of files that are all compiled together into one JavaScript/WebAssembly output). For example, to compile with -O1:

# Compile the linked bitcode to JavaScript with -O1 optimizations.
./emcc -O1 project.bc -o project.js

Building projects with debug information¶

Building a project containing debug information requires that debug flags are specified for both the LLVM and JavaScript compilation phases.

To make Clang and LLVM emit debug information in the bitcode files you need to compile the sources with -g (exactly the same as with clang or gcc normally). To get emcc to include the debug information when compiling the bitcode to JavaScript, specify -g or one of the -gN debug level options.

Note

Each build-system defines its own mechanisms for setting debug flags. To get Clang to emit LLVM debug information, you will need to work out the correct approach for your system.

Some build systems have a flag like ./configure --enable-debug.

The flags for emitting debug information when compiling from bitcode to JavaScript are specified as an emcc option in the final step:

# Compile the linked bitcode to JavaScript.
# -g or -gN can be used to set the debug level (N)
./emcc -g project.bc -o project.js

For more general information, see the topic Debugging.

Using libraries¶

Built-in support is available for a number of standard libraries: libc, libc++ and SDL. These will automatically be linked when you compile code that uses them (you do not even need to add -lSDL, but see below for more SDL-specific details).

If your project uses other libraries, for example zlib or glib, you will need to build and link them. The normal approach is to build the libraries to bitcode and then compile library and main program bitcode together to JavaScript.

For example, consider the case where a project “project” uses a library “libstuff”:

# Compile libstuff to bitcode
./emconfigure ./configure
./emmake make

# Compile project to bitcode
./emconfigure ./configure
./emmake make

# Compile the library and code together to HTML
emcc project.bc libstuff.bc -o final.html

It is also possible to link the bitcode libraries first, and then compile the combined .bc file to JavaScript:

# Generate bitcode files project.bc and libstuff.bc
...

# Link together the bitcode files
emcc project.bc libstuff.bc -o allproject.bc

# Compile the combined bitcode to HTML
emcc allproject.bc -o final.html

Emscripten Ports¶

Emscripten Ports is a collection of useful libraries, ported to Emscripten. They reside on github, and have integration support in emcc. When you request that a port be used, emcc will fetch it from the remote server, set it up and build it locally, then link it with your project, add necessary include to your build commands, etc. For example, SDL2 is in ports, and you can request that it be used with -s USE_SDL=2. For example,

./emcc tests/sdl2glshader.c -s USE_SDL=2 -s LEGACY_GL_EMULATION=1 -o sdl2.html

You should see some notifications about SDL2 being used, and built if it wasn’t previously. You can then view sdl2.html in your browser.

Note

SDL_image has also been added to ports, use it with -s USE_SDL_IMAGE=2. To see a list of all available ports, run emcc --show-ports. For SDL2_image to be useful, you generally need to specify the image formats you are planning on using with e.g. -s SDL2_IMAGE_FORMATS='["bmp","png","xpm"]' (note: jpg support is not available yet as of Jun 22 2018 - libjpg needs to be added to emscripten-ports). This will also ensure that IMG_Init works properly when you specify those formats. Alternatively, you can use emcc --use-preload-plugins and --preload-file your images, so the browser codecs decode them (see Preloading files). A code path in the SDL2_image port will load through emscripten_get_preloaded_image_data(), but then your calls to IMG_Init with those image formats will fail (as while the images will work through preloading, IMG_Init reports no support for those formats, as it doesn’t have support compiled in - in other words, IMG_Init does not report support for formats that only work through preloading).```

Note

SDL_net has also been added to ports, use it with -s USE_SDL_NET=2. To see a list of all available ports, run emcc --show-ports.

Note

Emscripten also has support for older SDL1, which is built-in. If you do not specify SDL2 as in the command above, then SDL1 is linked in and the SDL1 include paths are used. SDL1 has support for sdl-config, which is present in system/bin. Using the native sdl-config may result in compilation or missing-symbol errors. You will need to modify the build system to look for files in emscripten/system or emscripten/system/bin in order to use the Emscripten sdl-config.

Adding more ports¶

Adding more ports is fairly easy. Basically, the steps are

Make sure the port is open source and has a suitable license.

Add it to emscripten-ports on github. The ports maintainers can create the repo and add the relevant developers to a team for that repo, so they have write access.

Add a script to handle it under tools/ports/ (see existing code for examples) and use it in tools/ports/__init__.py.

Add testing in the test suite.

Build system issues¶

Build system self-execution¶

Some large projects generate executables and run them in order to generate input for later parts of the build process (for example, a parser may be built and then run on a grammar, which then generates C/C++ code that implements that grammar). This sort of build process causes problems when using Emscripten because you cannot directly run the code you are generating.

The simplest solution is usually to build the project twice: once natively, and once to JavaScript. When the JavaScript build procedure fails because a generated executable is not present, you can then copy that executable from the native build, and continue to build normally. This approach was successfully used for compiling Python (see tests/python/readme.md for more details).

In some cases it makes sense to modify the build scripts so that they build the generated executable natively. For example, this can be done by specifying two compilers in the build scripts, emcc and gcc, and using gcc just for generated executables. However, this can be more complicated than the previous solution because you need to modify the project build scripts, and you may have to work around cases where code is compiled and used both for the final result and for a generated executable.

Dynamic linking¶

Emscripten’s goal is to generate the fastest and smallest possible code, and for that reason it focuses on generating a single JavaScript file for an entire project. For that reason, dynamic linking should be avoided when possible.

By default, Emscripten .so files are the same as .bc or .o files, that is, they contain LLVM bitcode. Dynamic libraries that you specify in the final build stage (when generating JavaScript or HTML) are linked in as static libraries. Emcc ignores commands to dynamically link libraries when linking together bitcode (i.e., not in the final build stage). This is to ensure that the same dynamic library is not linked multiple times in intermediate build stages, which would result in duplicate symbol errors.

There is experimental support for true dynamic libraries, loaded as runtime, either via dlopen or as a shared library. See that link for the details and limitations.

Configure may run checks that appear to fail¶

Projects that use configure, cmake, or some other portable configuration method may run checks during the configure phase to verify that the toolchain and paths are set up properly. Emcc tries to get checks to pass where possible, but you may need to disable tests that fail due to a “false negative” (for example, tests that would pass in the final execution environment, but not in the shell during configure).

Tip

Ensure that if a check is disabled, the tested functionality does work. This might involve manually adding commands to the make files using a build system-specific method.

Note

In general configure is not a good match for a cross-compiler like Emscripten. configure is designed to build natively for the local setup, and works hard to find the native build system and the local system headers. With a cross-compiler, you are targeting a different system, and ignoring these headers etc.

Archive (.a) files¶

Emscripten supports .a archive files, which are bundles of object files. This is an old format for libraries, and it has special semantics - for example, the order of linking matters with .a files, but not with plain object files (in .bc, .o or .so). For the most part those special semantics should work in Emscripten, however, we support .a files using llvm’s tools, which have a few limitations.

The main limitation is that if you have multiple files in a single .a archive that have the same basename (for example, dir1/a.o, dir2/a.o), then llvm-ar cannot access both of those files. Emscripten will attempt to work around this by adding a hash to the basename, but collisions are still possible in principle.

Where possible it is better to generate shared library files (.so) rather than archives (.a) — this is generally a simple change in your project’s build system. Shared libraries are simpler, and are more predictable with respect to linking.

Manually using emcc¶

The Emscripten Tutorial showed how emcc can be used to compile single files into JavaScript. Emcc can also be used in all the other ways you would expect of gcc:

# Generate a.out.js from C++. Can also take .ll (LLVM assembly) or .bc (LLVM bitcode) as input
./emcc src.cpp

# Generate src.o containing LLVM bitcode.
./emcc src.cpp -c

# Generate result.js containing JavaScript.
./emcc src.cpp -o result.js

# Generate result.bc containing LLVM bitcode (the suffix matters).
./emcc src.cpp -o result.bc

# Generate a.out.js from two C++ sources.
./emcc src1.cpp src2.cpp

# Generate src1.o and src2.o, containing LLVM bitcode
./emcc src1.cpp src2.cpp -c

# Combine two LLVM bitcode files into a.out.js
./emcc src1.o src2.o

# Combine two LLVM bitcode files into another LLVM bitcode file
./emcc src1.o src2.o -o combined.o

In addition to the capabilities it shares with gcc, emcc supports options to optimize code, control what debug information is emitted, generate HTML and other output formats, etc. These options are documented in the emcc tool reference (./emcc --help on the command line).

Detecting Emscripten in Preprocessor¶

Emscripten provides the following preprocessor macros that can be used to identify the compiler version and platform:

The preprocessor define __EMSCRIPTEN__ is always defined when compiling programs with Emscripten.

The preprocessor variables __EMSCRIPTEN_major__, __EMSCRIPTEN_minor__ and __EMSCRIPTEN_tiny__ specify, as integers, the currently used Emscripten compiler version.

Emscripten behaves like a variant of Unix, so the preprocessor defines unix, __unix and __unix__ are always present when compiling code with Emscripten.

Emscripten uses Clang/LLVM as its underlying codegen compiler, so the preprocessor defines __llvm__ and __clang__ are defined, and the preprocessor defines __clang_major__, __clang_minor__ and __clang_patchlevel__ indicate the version of Clang that is used.

Clang/LLVM is GCC-compatible, so the preprocessor defines __GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__ and __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__ are also defined to represent the level of GCC compatibility that Clang/LLVM provides.

The preprocessor string __VERSION__ indicates the GCC compatible version, which is expanded to also show Emscripten version information.

Likewise, __clang_version__ is present and indicates both Emscripten and LLVM version information.

Emscripten is a 32-bit platform, so size_t is a 32-bit unsigned integer, __POINTER_WIDTH__=32, __SIZEOF_LONG__=4 and __LONG_MAX__ equals 2147483647L.

When targeting asm.js, the preprocessor defines __asmjs and __asmjs__ are present.

When targeting SSEx SIMD APIs using one of the command line compiler flags -msse, -msse2, -msse3, -mssse3, or -msse4.1, one or more of the preprocessor flags __SSE__, __SSE2__, __SSE3__, __SSSE3__, __SSE4_1__ will be present to indicate available support for these instruction sets.

If targeting the pthreads multithreading support with the compiler & linker flag -s USE_PTHREADS=1, the preprocessor define __EMSCRIPTEN_PTHREADS__ will be present.

Examples / test code¶

The Emscripten test suite (tests/runner.py) contains a number of good examples — large C/C++ projects that are built using their normal build systems as described above: freetype, openjpeg, zlib, bullet and poppler.

It is also worth looking at the build scripts in the ammo.js project.

Troubleshooting¶

Make sure to use emar (which calls llvm-ar), as the system ar may not support our object files. emmake and emconfigure set the AR environment variable correctly, but a build system might incorrectly hardcode ar.
Similarly, using the system ranlib instead of emranlib (which calls llvm-ranlib) may lead to problems, like not supporting our object files and removing the index, leading to archive has no index; run ranlib to add one from wasm-ld. Again, using emmake/emconfigure should avoid this by setting the env var RANLIB, but a build system might have it hardcoded, or require you to pass an option.
The compilation error multiply defined symbol indicates that the project has linked a particular static library multiple times. The project will need to be changed so that the problem library is linked only once.

Note

You can use llvm-nm to see which symbols are defined in each bitcode file.

One solution is to use the dynamic-linking approach described above. This ensures that libraries are linked only once, in the final build stage.