Asyncify

Asyncify lets synchronous C or C++ code interact with asynchronous JavaScript. This allows things like:

• A synchronous call in C that yields to the event loop, which allows browser events to be handled.

• A synchronous call in C that waits for an asynchronous operation in JS to complete.

Asyncify automatically transforms your compiled code into a form that can be paused and resumed, and handles pausing and resuming for you, so that it is asynchronous (hence the name “Asyncify”) even though you wrote it in a normal synchronous way.

See the Asyncify introduction blogpost for general background and details of how it works internally (you can also view this talk about Asyncify). The following expands on the Emscripten examples from that post.

Sleeping / yielding to the event loop

Let’s begin with the example from that blogpost:

// example.cpp
#include <emscripten.h>
#include <stdio.h>

// start_timer(): call JS to set an async timer for 500ms
EM_JS(void, start_timer, (), {
  Module.timer = false;
  setTimeout(function() {
    Module.timer = true;
  }, 500);
});

// check_timer(): check if that timer occurred
EM_JS(bool, check_timer, (), {
  return Module.timer;
});

int main() {
  start_timer();
  // Continuously loop while synchronously polling for the timer.
  while (1) {
    if (check_timer()) {
      printf("timer happened!\n");
      return 0;
    }
    printf("sleeping...\n");
    emscripten_sleep(100);
  }
}

You can compile that with

emcc -O3 example.cpp -s ASYNCIFY

Note

It’s very important to optimize (-O3 here) when using Asyncify, as unoptimized builds are very large.

And you can run it with

nodejs a.out.js

You should then see something like this:

sleeping...
sleeping...
sleeping...
sleeping...
sleeping...
timer happened!

The code is written with a straightforward loop, which does not exit while it is running, which normally would not allow async events to be handled by the browser. With Asyncify, those sleeps actually yield to the browser’s main event loop, and the timer can happen!

Making async Web APIs behave as if they were synchronous

Aside from emscripten_sleep and the other standard sync APIs Asyncify supports, you can also add your own functions. To do so, you must create a JS function that is called from wasm (since Emscripten controls pausing and resuming the wasm from the JS runtime). One way to do that is with a JS library function; another is to use EM_JS, which we’ll use in this next example:

// example.c
#include <emscripten.h>
#include <stdio.h>

EM_JS(void, do_fetch, (), {
  Asyncify.handleAsync(async () => {
    out("waiting for a fetch");
    const response = await fetch("a.html");
    out("got the fetch response");
    // (normally you would do something with the fetch here)
  });
});

int main() {
  puts("before");
  do_fetch();
  puts("after");
}

If you can’t use the modern async-await syntax, there is a variant with an explicit wakeUp callback too:

// example.c
#include <emscripten.h>
#include <stdio.h>

EM_JS(void, do_fetch, (), {
  Asyncify.handleSleep(wakeUp => {
    out("waiting for a fetch");
    fetch("a.html").then(response => {
      out("got the fetch response");
      // (normally you would do something with the fetch here)
      wakeUp();
    });
  });
});

int main() {
  puts("before");
  do_fetch();
  puts("after");
}

The async operation happens in the EM_JS function do_fetch(), which calls Asyncify.handleAsync or Asyncify.handleSleep. It gives that function the code to be run, and gets a wakeUp function that it calls in the asynchronous future at the right time. After we call wakeUp() the compiled C code resumes normally.

In this example the async operation is a fetch, which means we need to wait for a Promise. While that is async, note how the C code in main() is completely synchronous!

To run this example, first compile it with

emcc example.c -O3 -o a.html -s ASYNCIFY -s 'ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS=["do_fetch"]'

Note that you must tell the compiler that do_fetch() can do an asynchronous operation, using ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS, otherwise it won’t instrument the code to allow pausing and resuming; see more details later down.

To run this, you must run a local webserver and then browse to http://localhost:8000/a.html. You will see something like this:

before
waiting for a fetch
got the fetch response
after

That shows that the C code only continued to execute after the async JS completed.

More on ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS

As in the above example, you can add JS functions that do an async operation but look synchronous from the perspective of C. The key thing is to add such methods to ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS, regardless of whether the JS function is from a JS library or EM_JS. That list of imports is the list of imports to the wasm module that the Asyncify instrumentation must be aware of. Giving it that list tells it that all other JS calls will not do an async operation, which lets it not add overhead where it isn’t needed.

Returning values

You can also return values from async JS functions. Here is an example:

// example.c
#include <emscripten.h>
#include <stdio.h>

EM_JS(int, get_digest_size, (const char* str), {
  // Note how we return the output of handleAsync() here.
  return Asyncify.handleAsync(async () => {
    const text = UTF8ToString(str);
    const encoder = new TextEncoder();
    const data = encoder.encode(text);
    out("ask for digest for " + text);
    const digestValue = await window.crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", data);
    out("got digest of length " + digestValue.byteLength);
    // Return the value as you normally would.
    return digestValue.byteLength;
  });
});

int main() {
  const char* silly = "some silly text";
  printf("%s's digest size is: %d\n", silly, get_digest_size(silly));
  return 0;
}

You can build this with

emcc example.c -s ASYNCIFY=1 -s 'ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS=["get_digest_size"]' -o a.html -O2

This example calls the Promise-returning window.crypto.subtle() API (the example is based off of this MDN example ).

Note that we must propagate the value returned from handleAsync(). The calling C code then gets it normally, after the Promise completes.

If you’re using the handleSleep API, the value needs to be also passed to the wakeUp callback, instead of being returned from our handler:

// ...
return Asyncify.handleSleep(wakeUp => {
  const text = UTF8ToString(str);
  const encoder = new TextEncoder();
  const data = encoder.encode(text);
  out("ask for digest for " + text);
  window.crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", data).then(digestValue => {
    out("got digest of length " + digestValue.byteLength);
    // Return the value by sending it to wakeUp(). It will then be returned
    // from handleSleep() on the outside.
    wakeUp(digestValue.byteLength);
  });
});
// ...

Usage with Embind

If you’re using Embind for interaction with JavaScript and want to await a dynamically retrieved Promise, you can call an await() method directly on the val instance:

val my_object = /* ... */;
val result = my_object.call("someAsyncMethod").await();

In this case you don’t need to worry about ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS, since it’s an internal implementation detail of val::await and Emscripten takes care of it automatically.

Usage with ccall

To make use of an Asyncify-using wasm export from Javascript, you can use the Module.ccall function and pass async: true to its call options object. ccall will then return a Promise, which will resolve with the result of the function once the computation completes.

In this example, a function “func” is called which returns a Number.

Module.ccall("func", "number", [], [], {async: true}).then(result => {
  console.log("js_func: " + result);
});

Optimizing

As mentioned earlier, unoptimized builds with Asyncify can be large and slow. Build with optimizations (say, -O3) to get good results.

Asyncify adds overhead, both code size and slowness, because it instruments code to allow unwinding and rewinding. That overhead is usually not extreme, something like 50% or so. Asyncify achieves that by doing a whole-program analysis to find functions need to be instrumented and which do not - basically, which can call something that reaches one of ASYNCIFY_IMPORTS. That analysis avoids a lot of unnecessary overhead, however, it is limited by indirect calls, since it can’t tell where they go - it could be anything in the function table (with the same type).

If you know that indirect calls are never on the stack when unwinding, then you can tell Asyncify to ignore indirect calls using ASYNCIFY_IGNORE_INDIRECT.

If you know that some indirect calls matter and others do not, then you can provide a manual list of functions to Asyncify:

• ASYNCIFY_REMOVE is a list of functions that do not unwind the stack. Asyncify will do its normal whole-program analysis, then remove these functions from the list of instrumented functions.

• ASYNCIFY_ADD is a list of functions that do unwind the stack, and are added after doing the normal whole-program analysis. This is mostly useful if you use ASYNCIFY_IGNORE_INDIRECT but want to also mark some additional functions that need to unwind.

• ASYNCIFY_ONLY is a list of the only functions that can unwind the stack. Asyncify will instrument exactly those and no others.

You can enable the ASYNCIFY_ADVISE setting, which will tell the compiler to output which functions it is currently instrumenting and why. You can then determine whether you should add any functions to ASYNCIFY_REMOVE or whether it would be safe to enable ASYNCIFY_IGNORE_INDIRECT. Note that this phase of the compiler happens after many optimization phases, and several functions maybe be inlined already. To be safe, run it with -O0.

For more details see settings.js. Note that the manual settings mentioned here are error-prone - if you don’t get things exactly right, your application can break. If you don’t absolutely need maximal performance, it’s usually ok to use the defaults.

Potential problems

Stack overflows

If you see an exception thrown from an asyncify_* API, then it may be a stack overflow. You can increase the stack size with the ASYNCIFY_STACK_SIZE option.

Reentrancy

While waiting on an asynchronous operation browser events can happen. That is often the point of using Asyncify, but unexpected events can happen too. For example, if you just want to pause for 100ms then you can call emscripten_sleep(100), but if you have any event listeners, say for a keypress, then if a key is pressed the handler will fire. If that handler calls into compiled code, then it can be confusing, since it starts to look like coroutines or multithreading, with multiple executions interleaved.

It is not safe to start an async operation while another is already running. The first must complete before the second begins.

Such interleaving may also break assumptions in your codebase. For example, if a function uses a global and assumes nothing else can modify it until it returns, but if that function sleeps and an event causes other code to change that global, then bad things can happen.

Starting to rewind with compiled code on the stack

The examples above show wakeUp() being called from JS (after a callback, typically), and without any compiled code on the stack. If there were compiled code on the stack, then that could interfere with properly rewinding and resuming execution, in confusing ways, and therefore an assertion will be thrown in a build with ASSERTIONS.

(Specifically, the problem there is that while rewinding will work properly, if you later unwind again, that unwinding will also unwind through that extra compiled code that was on the stack - causing a later rewind to behave badly.)

A simple workaround you may find useful is to do a setTimeout of 0, replacing wakeUp() with setTimeout(wakeUp, 0);. That will run wakeUp in a later callback, when nothing else is on the stack.

Migrating from older APIs

If you have code uses the old Emterpreter-Async API, or the old Asyncify, then almost everything should just work when you replace -s EMTERPRETIFY usage with -s ASYNCIFY. In particular all the things like emscripten_wget should just work as they did before.

Some minor differences include:

• The Emterpreter had “yielding” as a concept, but it isn’t needed in Asyncify. You can replace emscripten_sleep_with_yield() calls with emscripten_sleep().

• The internal JS API is different. See notes above on Asyncify.handleSleep(), and see src/library_async.js for more examples.